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Ben Graham: Margin of Safety

March 20, 2026 By Richard Young

By DigitalArt Max @ Adobe Stock

In 2001, I wrote about Ben Graham and his Margin of Safety:

Creating Wealth Through the Power of Compound Growth

Ben Graham, 1894-1976…

Warren Buffett has referred to Benjamin Graham’s The Intelligent Investor as “by far the best book on investing ever written.” John Train, a former super Forbes columnist, wrote, “Graham ranks as this century’s (and perhaps history’s) most important thinker on applied portfolio investment.”

In the preface to Graham’s fourth revised edition printed in 1973, W.B. wrote, “It is rare that the founder of a discipline does not find his work eclipsed in rather short order by successors. But over forty years after publication of the book (first written in 1949) that brought structure and logic to a disorderly and confused activity, it is difficult to think of possible candidates for even the runner-up position in the field of security analysis.”

In preparation for writing to you this month, I reread The Intelligent Investor in order to be able to give you a little of the meat from Ben Graham’s seminal work. I practice these principles myself in my own investing, for my family accounts, and for you. I hope you’ll benefit from my Benjamin Graham menu for the rest of your investing days.

Your Cornerstone
  1. “Diversification is an established tenet of conservative investment. By accepting it so universally, investors are really demonstrating their acceptance of the margin-of-safety principle, to which diversification is the companion.”
  2. “The ‘aggressive’ investor should start from the same base as the defensive investor, namely, a division of his funds between high-grade bonds and high-grade common stocks bought at reasonable prices.”
  3. “To enjoy a reasonable chance for continued better than average results, the investor must follow policies which are (1) inherently sound and promising, and (2) not popular in Wall Street.”
  4. “One of the most persuasive tests of high quality is an uninterrupted record of dividend payments going back over many years. We think that a record of continuous dividend payments for the last 20 years or more is an important plus factor in the company’s quality rating. Indeed the defensive investor might be justified in limiting his purchases to those meeting this test.”
  5. “Stock trading is not an operation which, on thorough analysis, offers safety of principal and a satisfactory return.”
  6. “Outright speculation is neither illegal, immoral, nor (for most people) fattening to the pocketbook.”
  7. “In an astonishingly large proportion of the trading in common stocks, those engaged therein don’t appear to know–in polite terms–one part of their anatomy from another.”

These words remain as true today as they were then.

Originally posted November 3, 2025.

Filed Under: Ben Graham

65 Years of Compounding: March 18, 2026 – No Changes

March 18, 2026 By Richard Young

The article below was written about me way back in 1991. Nearly four decades later, I still advise real investors on compound interest, the Prudent Man Rule, and Ben Graham’s Margin of Safety. I do not speculate or invest on stock stories–never have. I invest on simple mathematics. All you need is time and a compound interest table.

I don’t buy stories, I compound interest and dividends. — Dick Young

Originally posted November 5, 2025.

Filed Under: Investing Strategies

War Is Expensive

March 6, 2026 By Richard Young

President Donald J. Trump oversees Operation Epic Fury at Mar-a-Lago, Palm Beach, FL, March 1, 2026. (White House photo by Daniel Torok)

Since the United States and Israel began bombing Iran last Friday in Operation Epic Fury, the price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil has gone from $65.20/barrel at the close on February 26, to $78.20 at the close on March 5, and prices are already at near $86/barrel in trading this morning. That’s an increase of over 31%, and doesn’t include rising prices as markets began to price in an attack earlier in the year. Since December 16, WTI crude oil prices are up over 55%. War is expensive. 

President Trump posted this morning that there will be no deals made with Iran, writing on Truth Social:

There will be no deal with Iran except UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER! After that, and the selection of a GREAT & ACCEPTABLE Leader(s), we, and many of our wonderful and very brave allies and partners, will work tirelessly to bring Iran back from the brink of destruction, making it economically bigger, better, and stronger than ever before. IRAN WILL HAVE A GREAT FUTURE. “MAKE IRAN GREAT AGAIN (MIGA!).” Thank you for your attention to this matter! President DONALD J. TRUMP

 

Filed Under: Feature

The Declining Dollar?

February 13, 2026 By Richard Young

By alones @ Adobe Stock

There has been a lot of discussion in the financial news media over the decline of the dollar, and certainly America’s rapidly increasing debt and inflation have added risk to the currency, but the dollar’s decline since its peak at the start of 2025 doesn’t appear to be at crisis levels, just yet. Take a look at my chart below of the Bank of International Settlements’ Real Effective Exchange Rate Index (broad) for the dollar.

In the chart, you can see larger moves in the dollar compared to what has happened over the last year. The most significant is that which occurred from February 2002, bottoming out in July 2011.

A number of factors contributed to the long decline of the dollar from 2002, including somewhat the uptake in the use of the euro, but mostly loose monetary policy and aggressive nation-building policies by the Bush administration and the so-called “stimulus” by the Obama administration, both of which demanded massive federal spending and debt issuance to fund. After the financial crisis hooked the government on debt, subsequent Congresses seemed to abandon fiscal responsibility altogether.

The dollar isn’t dead yet, but if politicians and Federal Reserve officials are sincere in their stated commitments to a strong dollar, they will maintain reasonable interest rates and forgo drastic interventions in the economy and abroad.

Filed Under: Feature

Gold’s 50-Year Price Explosion

January 30, 2026 By Richard Young

Originally posted on July 27, 2020.

Part I

I was there from the start.  In early August 1971, I had just joined internationally focused research and trading firm Model Roland & Co.

On 15 August 1971, President Nixon shocked the world by announcing that the U. S. would no longer officially trade dollars for gold. At that time, gold’s fixed price was $35/oz.

By 1980, gold would hit an astronomical $800/oz.

OK then, back to Model and the firm’s wonderful head partner Leo Model. From my first day onboard at Model, I started covering a bevy of major Boston institutional accounts.  I was 30 years old, and I would become friends with analysts, portfolio managers and traders at Wellington Management, Fidelity Investments, First National Bank of Boston, State Street Bank, State Street Research, Endowment Management, Studley Shupert, and Keystone Management through my entire investment career on Federal Street in Boston.

I immediately realized that international trading (including gold shares and arbitrage), as well as monetary strategy and world currencies, was going to be my focus from August 1971 onward.

Five decades later, these subjects remain today my daily focus. I have been a buyer of gold, silver, and Swiss francs for decades, and I have never sold a single one of my positions.

By 1972 I was off to London on a mission for Leo Model. My job was to produce a strategy report for Model, Roland & Co on the international gold shares market. It took eight days in London to meet all the insiders with whom Mr. Model had arranged visits. Except for a single, most unpleasant glitch, (understatement) all went well.

I went on to submit a 25-page strategy report to Mr. Model. Shortly thereafter I was informed that Mr. Model had sent my report along to the firm’s chief monetary guru, one Edward M. Bernstein, one of the architects of the Bretton Woods monetary agreement.

Remember, I was 31 years old, and quite terrified to hear that EMB had been brought into the loop.

On 7 August 1972,  I received the surprise of my young life: EMB wrote  back on his corporate letterhead:

I think the collection of papers on gold is excellent. It seems objective and pointed. I have no suggestions. Put me on the list to get what you put out on gold.

Sincerely,

Edward M. Bernstein

Although I did not know it at the time, a year later, I would no longer be at Model, Roland.

Check back in with richardcyoung.com for my introduction Part II and the kickoff of our industry-leading precious metals, currencies, monetary madness, fed maleficence and dollar destruction weekly update.

Warm regards,

Dick

 

 

This slideshow requires JavaScript.

Filed Under: Investing Strategies Tagged With: precious

Natural Gas Prices Jump on Ice Storm Threat

January 23, 2026 By Richard Young

By Jittapon @ Adobe Stock

With a big ice storm coming, natural gas buyers have driven prices up on worries that production facilities will be impacted by the severe weather. Prices for Henry Hub gas rose to $4.96/MMBTU yesterday, a jump of 62% compared to only two days prior. 

The intense storm predictions cover areas of Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, as well as Pennsylvania, home to the Marcellus shale formation. 

 

Source: National Weather Service

In the map below, you can see America’s top 100 natural gas fields by reserves, with a significant portion positioned within the storm’s predicted track. 

Source: EIA

As America has reduced coal consumption, it has rapidly increased natural gas consumption. Disruptions to production now will mean greater uncertainty for energy consumers, both for heating and power generation. 

Be sure your family is prepared for the storm. 

Filed Under: Feature

The Fed Should Be Careful with Lower Rates

January 7, 2026 By Richard Young

From August 15, 1971, the day President Nixon officially took America off the gold standard (the system had been breaking down for years beforehand) to September 17, 2007, the day before the Ben Bernanke-led Federal Reserve began what would be an unprecedented economic intervention in the face of the Financial Crisis, the mean interest rate of 3-month T-bills was 6.08%. For the 18 years following Bernanke’s intrusion on markets, it’s been 1.39%.

For decades, I have called the 90-day T-bill the investor’s “North Star.” The T-bill is the risk-free rate of return you can use to chart your course among other investments. The “Real North Star” is the risk-free rate of return with inflation taken out. It’s a measure of the growth or decline in Americans’ purchasing power.

During the pre-Bernanke era, the yields on T-bills rarely fell below the rate of core CPI inflation, and then only for brief periods. Since Bernanke’s response to the Financial Crisis, yields on T-bills have spent more time below the rate of core inflation than above.

Low rates are harmful for savers. When the Fed pushes short rates below 4%, investors should be wary. Here’s how I explained it in 2003:

The 90-day T-bill is often referred to as the risk-free rate of return. Here we are looking at ultimate safety. In retirement, I advise you to draw no more than 4%. When T-bills are 4%, and ideally 4% plus the current inflation rate, you can invest defensively with ultimate safety and a satisfactory, if not munificent, return. When the T-bill rate is below 4%, you cannot make your draw. As such, you are knocked out of the box with the ultimate safety investment. That’s a big deal, no way around it. Aggressive investors and know-it-alls eschew T-bills as dull and boring and certain to produce modest results. Well, all of that is true, but you know what? So what? You can win the day with (1) no credit risk, (2) no interest rate-cycle risk, (3) no stock market risk. You’ll sleep well at night. No, you won’t get rich on your investments, but when you already have your nest egg, you just may not need to get a whole lot richer. With the North Star today at 1.1%, red lights are flashing in a really big way.

The recent release of minutes from the last meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee showed that Federal Reserve officials are internally debating the efficacy of future interest rate cuts. The Federal Reserve should be cautious about lowering rates further than it already has. The Real North Star is still in positive territory, but every cut brings investors closer to losing purchasing power on the risk-free rate. The last thing Americans need after years of Bidenflation is further erosion of their purchasing power.

Filed Under: Feature

Richard C. Young Explains: How to Invest Like Einstein

December 19, 2025 By Richard Young

Originally posted October 23, 2018.

When asked to name the greatest invention in history, Albert Einstein responded, compound interest.

Over three decades ago I started our family investment counsel firm focusing on the miracle of compound interest to help retired and soon to be retired investors just like you.

My short and quick goal was, as it remains today, safety of principal and a consistent flow of income through investors’ long and peaceful retirements.

In J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit, when the wizard Gandalf asked Bilbo Baggins to take part in an adventure, the Hobbit told Gandalf that he viewed adventures as “… nasty, disturbing, uncomfortable things! Make you late for dinner.”

To meet our mission for family-centric clients, we wrap the Hobbit’s security blanket around Einstein’s concept of compound interest. This duo forms the foundation of our prudent investor platform. And no, we do not advise investing adventures for our clients.

Consistent Cash Flow and Security of Principal

To a one, when clients join us, they know that we, on their behalf, are focused on a consistent flow of cash, security of principal, and the miracle of compound interest. We neither speculate nor market time. We base our sound investments on the Prudent Man Rule, first initiated by Justice Samuel Putnam back in 1830.

The discretely managed portfolios at our investment counsel firm are crafted selecting individual securities for clients one at a time, like rare postage stamps.  As you know from reading my reports, we have moved away from the mutual fund model, especially as regards index funds, products whose time has past.

We craft portfolios by combining dividend-paying blue-chip stocks, each with a long record of increasing dividends annually. Our portfolios also include a substantial mix of blue-chip fixed income, whether corporate or government securities. The majority of portfolios are weighted 60/40 (stocks/bonds) or the inverse.

Our most defensive portfolios are aimed at investors looking to draw 4% (our base target) annually from retirement portfolios with (1) minimum volatility and (2) a high degree of comfort.

If you prefer a personalized approach, give my family-focused investment counsel firm a call (888-456-5444) to discuss today how we might make your investment life a little bit easier, and more productive for you.

At Richard C. Young & Co., Ltd. we all look forward to sharing our retirement (current or future) strategies with you.

Warm regards,

Dick Young

Filed Under: Investing Strategies Tagged With: comp

The Singularity Is Nearer: Ray Kurzweil

December 9, 2025 By Richard Young

Originally posted May 28, 2025.

Ray Kurzweil has been a leading developer of artificial intelligence for 61 years, longer than any other living human. I am reading his most recent book, The Singularity is Nearer: When We Merge with AI. The implications of artificial intelligence are immense, and Kurzweil is viewing the technology from the forefront in his position as Principal Researcher and AI Visionary at Google. The book’s website explains:

The world’s most renowned oracle of technological change shows how human minds will merge with AI within the next two decades and what this momentous transformation will mean for us all.

One of the greatest inventors of our time, futurist Ray Kurzweil published his landmark book The Singularity Is Near in 2005 and dozens of his predictions about technological advancements have come true—with concepts like AI, intelligent machines, and biotechnology now widely familiar to the public.

In this visionary and fundamentally optimistic new book, Kurzweil brings a fresh perspective to advances toward the Singularity. Kurzweil predicts that by the end of this decade, AI will exceed human levels of intelligence and by 2045, we’ll be able to enhance our intelligence a millionfold, expanding our consciousness in ways we can barely imagine by connecting our brains directly to the cloud. Human life will be changed forever once we live free from the limits of biology—and this eventuality is drawing ever nearer.

Topics touched on by Kurzweil in the book are:

  • Rebuilding the world, atom by atom with devices like nanobots
  • Radical life extension beyond the current age limit of 120
  • Reinventing intelligence by connecting our brains to the cloud
  • How exponential technologies are propelling innovation and improving all aspects of our well-being
  • The growth of renewable energy and 3D printing, which can be applied to everything from clothes to building materials to growing human organs
  • Addressing potential perils of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence
  • AI’s impact employment and human safety
  • “After Life” technology to reanimate those who have passed away through a combination of data and DNA
  • How this next stage of humanity’s evolution can and will transform life on earth profoundly for the better

Kurzweil discusses his vision of AI in the video below:

Filed Under: Feature

Concentrate on Dividend Record and Compounding

December 8, 2025 By Richard Young

Originally posted March 11, 2020.  There are few histories as crucial to the course of my life as my awakening to the power of compound interest and the importance of dividends. Since my decision to climb on the dividend bandwagon, I have been an evangelist to hundreds of thousands of paid subscribers, and many more investors beyond. My message has been consistent and clear, and I don’t regret focusing on dividends a bit. Here’s how it all started.

Back to Monterey and Woodstock I’ve been developing investment strategies for investors like you before The Association kicked off the 1967 Monterey International Pop Festival with “Along Comes Mary” or Richie Havens opened Woodstock in August 1969. I started soon after John F. Kennedy was shot in Dallas in November 1963, and even before Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis in April 1968. That’s a long time ago. The ‘60s was of course a seminal decade in American history. Key events, including the difficult investment environment of the ‘60s, seem like yesterday. My 1964 Beginning I’ve put together a display that tracks the Dow Jones Industrial Average through the decades. When I entered the securities business in the summer of 1964 (with Ed Rosenberg, Clayton Securities), I had no way of knowing that during my complete career in the Boston investment community, which ended in 1981, the Dow would end lower than when I began. How would you have liked to have retired in 1964 and faced a 16-year Dow downer? Talk about retirement financial hell. As my display indicates, the decade of the ‘60s provided a sad annual average return (ex-dividends) of only 1.65%. Moreover, the 1970s were set to be even worse. When the curtain came down on this miserable decade, investors had scored an average return of only 0.5% (before dividends). Thankfully for conservative investors today, as has been the case well before the ‘60s and ‘70s, dividends remain the name of the game. Ben Graham’s Powerful Investment Advice After my first reading of Security Analysis by Ben Graham in 1963, it’s still my most powerful investment influence. Ben was Mr. Dividends. I became attached to the concept before I landed at Clayton Securities at 147 Milk St. in Boston’s financial district. As early as 1964, I knew I would concentrate on dividends throughout my investment career.

Filed Under: Dividends & Compounding

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